World War III - Wikipedia. World War III (WWIII or WW3) and the Third World War are names given to a hypothetical third worldwide large- scale military conflict subsequent to World War I and World War II.
The term has been in use since the end of World War II. Some have applied it loosely to refer to limited or smaller conflicts such as the Cold War or the War on Terror, while others have operated under the assumption that such a conflict would surpass both prior World Wars in both the level of its widespread scope and of its overall destructive impact.[1]Because of the development and use of nuclear weapons near the end of World War II and their subsequent acquisition and deployment by many countries, the potential risk of a nuclear devastation of Earth's civilization and life is a common theme in speculations of a Third World War. Another major concern is that biological warfare could cause a very large number of casualties, either intentionally or inadvertently by an accidental release of a biological agent, the unexpected mutation of an agent, or its adaptation to other species after use. High- scale apocalyptic events like these, caused by advanced technology used for destruction, could potentially make Earth's surface uninhabitable. Prior to the beginning of the Second World War, the First World War (1. During the inter- war period between the two World Wars, WWI was typically referred to simply as "The Great War". The outbreak of World War II in 1.
With the advent of the Cold War in 1. Soviet Union, the possibility of a third global conflict became more plausible. During the Cold War years the possibility of a Third World War was anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities in many countries. Scenarios ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare. At the height of the Cold War, a scenario referred to as MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction), had been calculated which determined that an all- out nuclear confrontation would most certainly destroy all or nearly all human life on the planet. The spectre of the potential of the absolute destruction of the human race may have contributed to the ability of both American and Soviet leaders to avoid such a scenario.
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The Cold War ended in 1. Soviet Union dissolved, leaving the United States as the sole global superpower of the time. With the end of the Cold War, it was believed that the likelihood of a fully unrestricted nuclear confrontation between two superpowers was significantly diminished. Coinage[edit]Time magazine[edit]Time magazine was an early adopter if not originator of the "World War III." Perhaps the first usage appears in its November 3, 1. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1. National Affairs" section and entitled "World War III?" about Nazi refugee Dr.
Hermann Rauschning, who had just arrived in the United States.[2] In its March 2. Foreign News" section, Time reused the same title "World War III?" with regard to statements by then- Vice President Henry A. Watch Bounty Killer Online Etonline on this page. Wallace: "We shall decide some time in 1. World War III."[3][4]Time continued to entitle with or mention in stories the term "World War III" for the rest of the decade (and onwards): 1. Time persists in using this term, e. This Is What World War III Will Look Like."[1.
Military plans[edit]Military planners have been war gaming various scenarios, preparing for the worst, since the early days of the Cold War. Some of those plans are now out of date and have been partially or fully declassified.[citation needed]Operation Unthinkable[edit]British Prime Minister. Winston Churchill was concerned that, with the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of WWII and the unreliability of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, there was a serious threat to Western Europe. Watch The Inhabitants Vioz there. In April–May 1. 94. British Armed Forces developed Operation Unthinkable, thought to be the first scenario of the Third World War.[1. Its primary goal was "to impose upon Russia the will of the United States and the British Empire".[1.
The plan was rejected by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee as militarily unfeasible. Operation Dropshot[edit]"Operation Dropshot" was the 1. United States contingency plan for a possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union in the Western European and Asian theaters. At the time the US nuclear arsenal was limited in size, based mostly in the United States, and depended on bombers for delivery. Dropshot" included mission profiles that would have used 3. Soviet Union's industrial potential at a single stroke. Between 7. 5 and 1.
Soviet combat aircraft on the ground. The scenario was devised prior to the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles. It was also devised before President John F.
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Kennedy and his Secretary of Defense. Robert Mc. Namara changed the US Nuclear War plan from the 'city killing' countervalue strike plan to a "counterforce" plan (targeted more at military forces). Nuclear weapons at this time were not accurate enough to hit a naval base without destroying the city adjacent to it, so the aim in using them was to destroy the enemy industrial capacity in an effort to cripple their war economy.
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Exercises Grand Slam, Longstep, and Mainbrace[edit]In January 1. North Atlantic Council approved NATO's military strategy of containment.[1. NATO military planning took on a renewed urgency following the outbreak of the Korean War in the early 1. NATO to establish a "force under a centralised command, adequate to deter aggression and to ensure the defence of Western Europe". Allied Command Europe was established under General of the Army. Dwight D. Eisenhower, US Army, on 2 April 1.
The Western Union Defence Organization had previously carried out Exercise Verity, a 1. Exercise Mainbrace brought together 2. Denmark and Norway from Russian attack in 1. It was the first major NATO exercise. The exercise was jointly commanded by Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic. Admiral. Lynde D.
Mc. Cormick, USN, and Supreme Allied Commander Europe. General. Matthew B. Ridgeway, US Army, during the Fall of 1. The US, UK, Canada, France, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Netherlands, and Belgium all participated. Exercises Grand Slam and Longstep were naval exercises held in the Mediterranean Sea during 1.
It involved over 1. Admiral Carney. The overall exercise commander, Admiral Carney summarized the accomplishments of Exercise Grand Slam by stating: "We have demonstrated that the senior commanders of all four powers can successfully take charge of a mixed task force and handle it effectively as a working unit."[citation needed]The USSR called the exercises "war- like acts" by NATO, with particular reference to the participation of Norway and Denmark, and prepared for its own military maneuvers in the Soviet Zone.[1.
Operation Strikeback[edit]This was a major NATO naval exercise held in 1. Soviet attack on NATO. The exercise involved over 2. United States Navy, the United Kingdom's Royal Navy, the Royal Canadian Navy, the French Navy, the Royal Netherlands Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Navy. As the largest peacetime naval operation up to that time, Operation Strikeback was characterized by military analyst Hanson W. Baldwin of The New York Times as "constituting the strongest striking fleet assembled since World War II".[2. Exercise Reforger[edit].
If activated, Operation Reforger would have largely consisted of convoys like this one from Operation Earnest Will in 1. While troops could easily fly across the Atlantic, the heavy equipment and armor reinforcements would have to come by sea. Exercise Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact outnumbered NATO throughout the Cold War in conventional forces, especially armor.
Axis powers - Wikipedia. Flags of Germany, Japan, and Italy draping the facade of the Embassy of Japan on the Tiergartenstraße (Zoo Street) in Berlin (September 1. The signing of the Tripartite Pact by Germany, Japan, and Italy on 2. September 1. 94. 0 in Berlin. Seated from left to right are the Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburō Kurusu, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Galeazzo Ciano, and Adolf Hitler. The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte, Italian: Potenze dell'Asse , Japanese: 枢軸国Sūjikukoku), also known as the Axis and the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied forces.
The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity. The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid- 1. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1.
Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term "Axis".[1][2] The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1. Watch Natural Selection Dailymotion here. Anti- Comintern Pact, an anti- communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1.
The "Rome–Berlin Axis" became a military alliance in 1. Pact of Steel", with the Tripartite Pact of 1. Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three- way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with a bit more between Germany and Italy.
The war ended in 1. Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war. Origins and creation[edit]The term "axis" was first applied to the Italo- German relationship by the Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini in September 1. Roberto Suster's Germania Repubblica that "there is no doubt that in this moment the axis of European history passes through Berlin" (non v'ha dubbio che in questo momento l'asse della storia europea passa per Berlino).[3] At the time he was seeking an alliance with the Weimar Republic against Yugoslavia and France in the dispute over the Free State of Fiume.[4]The term was used by Hungary's prime minister Gyula Gömbös when advocating an alliance of Hungary with Germany and Italy in the early 1.
Gömbös' efforts did affect the Italo- Hungarian Rome Protocols, but his sudden death in 1. Germany in Munich and the arrival of Kálmán Darányi, his successor, ended Hungary's involvement in pursuing a trilateral axis. Contentious negotiations between the Italian foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano, and the German ambassador, Ulrich von Hassell, resulted in a Nineteen- Point Protocol, signed by Ciano and his German counterpart, Konstantin von Neurath, in 1. When Mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 November, he proclaimed the creation of a Rome–Berlin axis.[4]Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance[edit]Italy under Duce.
Benito Mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1. Prior to becoming head of government in Italy as leader of the Italian Fascist movement, Mussolini had advocated alliance with recently defeated Germany after the Paris Peace Conference of 1.
World War I.[6] He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France.[6] In early 1. Germany, Italy secretly delivered weapons for the German Army, which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.[6]Gustav Stresemann, Reich Chancellor of the German People, 1. Germany, 1. 92. 3–1. In September 1. 92. Mussolini offered German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann a "common policy": he sought German military support against potential French military intervention over Italy's diplomatic dispute with Yugoslavia over Fiume, should an Italian seizure of Fiume result in war between Italy and Yugoslavia. The German ambassador to Italy in 1.
Mussolini saw a nationalist Germany as an essential ally for Italy against France, and hoped to tap into the desire within the German army and the German political right for a war of revenge against France.[6]During the Weimar Republic, the German government did not respect the Treaty of Versailles that it had been pressured to sign, and various government figures at the time rejected Germany's post- Versailles borders. General Hans von Seeckt (head of the Reichswehr command from 1. Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and partition Poland between them and restore the German- Russian border of 1. Gustav Streseman as German foreign minister in 1. Poland and Danzig in the Treaty of Versailles was a major task of German foreign policy.[7] The Reichswehr Ministry memorandum of 1.
German territory lost to Poland as its first priority, to be followed by the return of the Saar territory, the annexation of Austria, and remilitarization of the Rhineland.[7]Since the 1. Italy had identified the year 1.
France, as 1. 93. Germany's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire.[8]Meetings took place in Berlin in 1. Italian General Luigi Capello and prominent figures in the German military, such as von Seeckt and Erich Ludendorff, over military collaboration between Germany and Italy. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany.[9]However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany: that Italy "must ..
Italian foreign minister Dino Grandi in the early 1. Italy's relations between France and Germany, in which he recognized that Italy was not yet a major power, but perceived that Italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in Europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another.[1. However Grandi stressed that Italy must seek to avoid becoming a "slave of the rule of three" in order to pursue its interests, arguing that although substantial Italo- French tensions existed, Italy would not unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with Germany, just as it would neither unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with France over conceivable Italo- German tensions.[1. Grandi's attempts to maintain a diplomatic balance between France and Germany were challenged in 1. French, who had begun to prepare an alliance with Britain and the United States against the threat of a revanchist Germany.[1. The French government warned Italy that it had to choose whether to be on the side of the pro- Versailles powers or that of the anti- Versailles revanchists.[1. Grandi responded that Italy would be willing to offer France support against Germany if France gave Italy its mandate over Cameroon and allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia.[1.
France refused Italy's proposed exchange for support, as it believed Italy's demands were unacceptable and the threat from Germany was not yet immediate.[1. On 2. 3 October 1. Mussolini declared support for a Four Power Directorate that included Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, to bring about an orderly treaty revision outside of what he considered the outmoded League of Nations.[1. The proposed Directorate was pragmatically designed to reduce French hegemony in continental Europe, in order to reduce tensions between the great powers in the short term to buy Italy relief from being pressured into a specific war alliance while at the same time allowing them to benefit from diplomatic deals on treaty revisions.[1. Danube alliance, dispute over Austria[edit]In 1.
Gyula Gömbös and the Party of National Unity rose to power in Hungary, and immediately sought an alliance with Italy.[1.